Water Treatment Questions & Answers
The real questions buyers and engineers ask.
Questions & Answers
Antiscalants and Phosphonates — Choosing the Right Threshold Inhibitor
Antiscalants work at sub-stoichiometric dose: 2–10 mg/L holds hundreds of mg/L of scale-forming ions in solution by distorting crystal growth. The selection driver is which scale you are fighting and whether the system carries chlorine. HEDP gives strong…
ReadWater Treatment Coagulant Selection Guide — Alum, PAC, Ferric and Polymer
Coagulant choice is decided by raw water alkalinity, temperature and the sludge you are willing to handle — not by price per tonne. Aluminium sulphate (alum) is the cheapest per kilogram but consumes about 0.5 mg/L of alkalinity as CaCO₃ for every 1 mg/L…
ReadIndustrial Chlorination and Disinfection — Dose, Contact Time and Residual
Disinfection is not a dose, it is a CT product: concentration of free residual multiplied by contact time. A plant achieving 0.5 mg/L free chlorine for 40 minutes delivers the same CT as 1.0 mg/L for 20 minutes, and both fail if short circuiting in the…
ReadOxidising vs Non-Oxidising Biocides — When Each One Wins
Oxidising biocides kill fast, cheaply and indiscriminately; non-oxidising biocides penetrate biofilm and survive conditions that destroy an oxidant. A working cooling programme uses both: a continuous or shock oxidant to hold the bulk water, plus a…
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