Water Treatment Articles
Concept explainers, comparisons, and how-tos.
Articles
Antiscalants and Phosphonates — Choosing the Right Threshold Inhibitor
Antiscalants work at sub-stoichiometric dose: 2–10 mg/L holds hundreds of mg/L of scale-forming ions in solution by distorting crystal growth. The selection driver is which scale you are fighting and whether the system carries chlorine. HEDP gives strong…
ReadBoiler Water Treatment Fundamentals — Oxygen, Scale, Alkalinity, Condensate
A boiler programme has four independent jobs and failing any one of them destroys the asset: remove dissolved oxygen, prevent hardness scale, hold the correct alkalinity, and protect the condensate return. Deaeration is mechanical first — a working…
ReadWater Treatment Coagulant Selection Guide — Alum, PAC, Ferric and Polymer
Coagulant choice is decided by raw water alkalinity, temperature and the sludge you are willing to handle — not by price per tonne. Aluminium sulphate (alum) is the cheapest per kilogram but consumes about 0.5 mg/L of alkalinity as CaCO₃ for every 1 mg/L…
ReadIndustrial Chlorination and Disinfection — Dose, Contact Time and Residual
Disinfection is not a dose, it is a CT product: concentration of free residual multiplied by contact time. A plant achieving 0.5 mg/L free chlorine for 40 minutes delivers the same CT as 1.0 mg/L for 20 minutes, and both fail if short circuiting in the…
ReadOxidising vs Non-Oxidising Biocides — When Each One Wins
Oxidising biocides kill fast, cheaply and indiscriminately; non-oxidising biocides penetrate biofilm and survive conditions that destroy an oxidant. A working cooling programme uses both: a continuous or shock oxidant to hold the bulk water, plus a…
ReadReverse Osmosis Chemical Programme — Pretreatment, Antiscalant, CIP
An RO programme is four chemicals doing four jobs in sequence: dechlorination to protect the membrane, antiscalant to raise recovery, occasional pH adjustment, and clean-in-place to recover what fouled anyway. Polyamide membranes tolerate a lifetime…
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